In pig production, the cost of feed accounts for about 70% to 80% of the total cost. It is the most important expense for pig farms. During the operation of the farm, the price of feed ingredients and the market for pigs are uncontrollable. Rising, the hog market continues to be sluggish, improving feed utilization, maximizing the production potential of pigs, and minimizing feed loss and maximizing feed efficiency are the best ways to improve the profitability of pig farms. This article makes a brief discussion on feed waste in pig farms, in order to provide some reference for modern pig farm managers to reduce the waste of feed on the efficiency of pig farms.
1 2 kinds of performance of feed waste in pig farms
Unnecessary feed loss can result from many aspects such as formula design, manufacturing, transportation, storage and use. To reduce the waste of feed on the farm, we can start with both explicit waste and hidden waste to find the cause and find loopholes.
1.1 Explicit feed waste
1.1.1 Waste in the feeding process
The design of the trough is unreasonable, and the pig will directly cause feed loss when the excavation is carried out; when the pig's feeding is disturbed (for example, when the pig competes with other pigs for feed) or when the pig leaves the feeding trough, the feed leaks from the pig's mouth. It will cause waste. According to Australian research, 10% to 15% of all feed used in growing and finishing pigs is not eaten by pigs, but leaked from the mouth of the manger or the mouth of the pig to the ground, or by feces. Discharged. Although the feed waste rate recorded by some farms is very low, only 4%, in fact, the feed loss rate beside the pig's mouth in the farm can be as high as 30% of the total feed supply. This loss is often not included in the feed loss. of.
1.1.2 Loss caused during storage
The feed purchased by the farm needs to be stored for a certain period of time, and may be wasted due to moldy deterioration or long-term storage failure during storage. More common, such as being too close to the wall, directly placed on the ground without moisture treatment, the warehouse leakage, water seepage, etc. will cause the product to mold and deteriorate.
1.1.3 Feed loss caused by insects and rodents
In summer, there may be insects in the process of storage of the feed. For example, corn is easy to be wormed, the nutritional value of the feed of the worm is reduced, and the feed is susceptible to mildew. In addition, rodent damage is also an important cause of feed loss. According to relevant information, a million pig farms, if they see rats frequently at night, indicate that there may be 1,000 mice. One mouse can consume 11.4 kg of feed in one year, and 1 000 mice can cause 11.4 t of feed waste in one year. This loss is shocking.
1.2 hidden feed waste on the farm
1.2.1 Feed waste caused by low reproductive efficiency of sows
For sows, people often evaluate the amount of feed they consume, and several key indicators that affect the efficiency of the farm, such as the number of weaned piglets per sow year and the weight loss of weaned sows, are not assessed.
The pig industry must clearly know the difference in the number of weaned piglets per year when the same pigs are laid out. This will have a greater impact on the total amount of feed for the sows and sows. 10,000 pigs were produced, and each of the sows provided 20 piglets per year compared with 30 pigs. The former wasted 245 tons of feed.
As the quality of the variety continues to increase, the number of sows is increasing, sows often have insufficient feed intake, and many farms face the problem of excessive weight loss in weaned sows. However, many people do not realize that excessive weight loss in weaned sows is also an important factor in the waste of feed on pig farms. The meat exchange rate of 200 kg sows is about 5.0, and that the lactating sows lose 1 kg when they eat 1.5 kg of feed, so about 3.33 times of feed is needed to make up the weight loss. If a weight loss of 10 kg from a sow is 10 kg, it means that 15 kg of feed is eaten less, and 31.3 kg of feed is needed to make up the weight loss of 10 kg. Then each sow consumes 18.3 kg of feed per litter, and the annual calorie count is 2.3. , each sow consumes 42.1 kg of feed per year, and the pigs of 500 sows consume 22 tons more than the whole year.
1.2.2 Feed waste caused by low growth efficiency of pigs
With the increase of the genetic potential of the breed, the feed intake of the pigs is also increasing, but many pig farms suffer from insufficient feeding due to improper feeding, disease, poor pig house environment and insufficient drinking water. The pig that was originally able to be slaughtered in 160d has to be raised to 180d or even 200d, which is a serious waste. Such as: 100kg pigs with excellent varieties, the normal food consumption is 2.98kg, the maintenance needs 1.1kg feed, the daily meat is 0.9kg, the feed-to-meat ratio is 3.31. If you eat 10% less every day, the weight gain will be reduced by 15.9%. 3.543, the ratio of meat to meat increased by 0.233. In addition, according to the maintenance needs 1.1kg of feed, more 20d, one pig needs to consume 22kg more feed, and the annual output of 10,000 pigs consumes 220t of feed.
1.2.3 Feed waste caused by high mortality during the nursery conservation period
Due to poor feed quality, unreasonable environmental facilities, and low overall immunity of the herd, many pigs have high mortality rates before the age of 70 days, causing huge losses. For example, the mortality rate of nursery pigs is 10% higher, the consumption of 1 piglet is 30 kg, and the loss of feed for 1 year of 10,000 pig farms is 30t.
2 measures to reduce feed loss in pig farms
2.1 Three major countermeasures for explicit feed waste
2.1.1 Correct feeding
managementThe design of the feeding trough should take into account the relationship between the body width of the pigs in different growing seasons and the size of the feed trough, and design the best blanking outlet. The feed trough must be accessible to pigs and have normal feeding behavior. The space, depth and height are coordinated, and the flow of feed in the feeding trough is correctly adjusted. Excessive feed can not stimulate the feeding, and the pigs will be lost due to the excavation and leakage, and the pigs will be positioned at three points to avoid pigs. Feed contamination caused by draining into the trough. If the feed in the tank has deteriorated, it should be cleaned up in time to avoid the pig's feed intake and harm the pigs. In addition, the picking tray at the bottom of the trough is an effective way to avoid wastage of feed scattered below the sloping floor.
2.1.2 Do a good job in storage and transportation management
Pay attention to the problems in the transportation and storage links, prevent rain, expose to the sun, prevent mold pollution, dry and ventilate the raw material warehouse and finished product warehouse, and have moisture-proof facilities on the ground. Leave the corners blank and leave at least 10 cm above the wall. Don't mess around. The storage time of feed or feed ingredients should not be too long, and the storage capacity should not be too large; the use of feed should follow the principle of first-in, first-out, and old-age storage.
2.1.3 Doing a good anti-rat and bird management
In the feed production workshop, storage room and pig house infrastructure, we must set up rodent prevention facilities and cooperate with professional rodent prevention institutions to reduce the number of rats. The warehouse and pig house should be equipped with anti-bird nets to prevent birds such as sparrows. enter.
2.2 Five major countermeasures for invisible feed waste
2.2.1 Improve the reproductive efficiency of sows
To reduce invisible feed waste, the first consideration is to increase the production efficiency of sows and increase the number of weaned piglets in the sow year. There are several ways to improve the production efficiency of sows: breeding pigs through accurate system segmentation, ensuring the correct food intake and nutrition at all stages of the sow, and strengthening the key nutrients of the breeding system, such as breeding systems.
Key nutrition, mother-child immune key nutrition and key nutrition of healthy skeleton, comprehensive mycotoxin control, guarantee sow body shape control, reduce sow reproductive failure, reduce sow non-production days, reduce sow weaning weight loss, increase The number of ovulation in sows increases fertilization rate, reduces embryo mortality, and increases breastfeeding rate.
2.2.2 Optimize feed formula design and improve pig production efficiency
The ratio of protein to energy is not matched, the amino acid is unbalanced, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is unbalanced, and the unreasonable feed formula such as digestibility of nutrient source and poor availability can lead to insufficient or excessive feed intake of pigs. Performance, resulting in waste of feed.
The use of effective amino acids, available phosphorus, net energy to calculate the formula, a reasonable balance of the proportion of each nutrient component, can greatly reduce the cost of feed, to achieve the purpose of saving. Reducing the use of expensive protein materials can reduce the heat proliferation of protein digestion, high net energy, and supplement with sufficient cheap amino acid raw materials, the effectiveness of the formula is greatly improved, and protein waste and nitrogen excretion can be reduced.
At present, the growth performance of pigs in production is far from the growth potential of pigs, which is inseparable from the poor health of pigs. Blue ear disease, circovirus infection, red body disease, mycotoxin poisoning and many other problems affect the pig immune system, coupled with poor environment, high pathogens, high stress, pigs are in a state of high immune stimulation, The result is that pigs have less meat, more disease, and a large amount of wasteful feed, so immune nutrition is an essential factor in today's formula.
2.2.3
Feed ProcessingThe professional is required to design the feed formula for each stage and season according to the actual situation of the farm. The feed is formulated strictly according to the formula and cannot be changed at will. Arrange for responsible personnel to specialize in feed production and management, and resolutely avoid the following situations: raw materials are not too accurate or too accurate, feed mix is ​​uneven, raw materials are replaced at will, the quality of raw materials is not tight, shoddy, use Mildew raw materials, etc. If necessary, use advanced feed processing equipment or cooperate with professional feed enterprises to customize feed; timely inspection of feed processing equipment, such as sieve damage, hammer wear should be replaced in time; avoid grain size variation, even whole grain Reduce feed utilization and increase feed loss.
2.2.4 Strengthening feeding management
To reduce feed waste, we must do a good job in feeding and management. Poor pig house environment can cause stress, which can cause pigs to reduce their feed intake and increase additional feed loss. Environmental factors on the farm include air quality, water sources, thief winds, temperature, humidity, noise, excreta in the pig house and temperatures around the pig house. It is necessary to create a suitable environment for pigs according to the different requirements of different stages of the environment for pigs, reduce the additional feed consumption caused by stress, and reduce feed waste. According to the actual feeding situation, the corresponding feeding plan should be done to avoid the backlog of mold due to unreasonable feeding. It is necessary to carry out systematic nutrition segmentation and strictly enforce it to avoid the situation of piglets eating suckling pigs, pigs eating piglets, pigs eating pigs, and even gilts eating fertilizers. Do a good job in biosafety prevention and control of pig farms, formulate correct and effective immunization procedures and strictly enforce them, improve the health of pigs, improve the feed utilization rate of pigs, and reduce the waste of hidden feed in pigs.
2.2.5 Improve lean meat rate and reduce waste
Improving the lean rate can be done in many ways. First of all, we must breed good varieties. Variety is the key factor determining the rate of lean meat. The lean meat rate of fat type pigs or soil breeders is generally less than 50%, while the ternary cross-commodity pigs such as Du Changda and Du Dachang have a lean meat rate of over 63%. Second, scientifically segmented feed formulations. At the beginning of growth, the focus is on long bones. Later, it is mainly long muscles. From late to adulthood, it is a fat deposition period, that is, long fat. Therefore, according to the growth characteristics of different stages of pigs, the diet should be properly prepared. Again, by limiting the amount of feed, the fat growth rate is controlled to increase the carcass lean rate. Restricted feeding is more effective for pigs that are prone to long fat and have a poor body shape. Finally, and most importantly, the piglet 30 kg grows faster and the skeleton grows better to give full play to the advantages of the variety.
3 Summary
In summary, the waste of feed on the farm is ubiquitous and the loss is huge. Of course, these wastes can be reduced or avoided. Combine the actual situation of the farm, find the loopholes one by one, and gradually improve, you will have unexpected gains.
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